PLoS Biology November 25, 2025

Cardiac, respiratory, and gastric rhythms independently modulate motor corticospinal excitability in humans

by Tahnée Engelen, Teresa Schuhmann, Alexander T. Sack, Catherine Tallon-Baudry Interoception refers to the brain’s sensing of internal body state and encompasses various bodily systems, notably the cardiac, respiratory, and gastric rhythms. Beyond their roles in physiological regulation and emotional states, each of these visceral rhythms has been shown to influence brain activity and cognition, prompting for the development of various interpretative functional frameworks. However, both experi